Tumor markers for early diagnosis of cancer

Analysis of statistical data in recent years shows about the rise of the world population morbidity various forms of cancer . Gland cancers occur in the elderly and the young, ordinary people and presidents. 

 Cancer younger, and among patients of oncology clinics more young people and even children. This contributes to poor environmental conditions , bad habits , stress. Heredity plays an important role - the probability of disease of various kinds of glands significantly higher in those whose relatives have suffered from this disease.

 Tumor markers for early diagnosis of diseases zhelezSovremennaya medicine has made great strides in the treatment of cancer glands. Cancer is curable , but only in the early stages ! Early diagnosis of cancer is very difficult , but there is now the possibility of early detection of the disease by a special analysis on the tumor marker . It is based on the identification of unique proteins in the blood produced by cancer cells ( tumor markers ) . In different types of malignancies set of these "labels" are different.
What information is given by the doctor tumor markers ? First of all, the presence of a tumor - at a stage when no other methods fail to detect it . In oncology, it is vitally important : the earlier the disease is detected glands, the greater the chance to deal with it .The ideal tumor marker is one that has a high sensitivity and specificity against a particular tumor type . However, most of the currently known tumor markers do not always meet these criteria . In addition, so far failed to develop a tumor strictly no test that can only detect a malignant tumor of this type and to its localization at the earliest stages of formation . While it is safe to talk on the division of cancer from benign on the basis of quantitative differences in the content of the relevant tumor marker in the blood serum . In particular, pathological states such as inflammatory diseases of the liver , pancreas , lung , etc. sometimes there is nonspecific , moderate increase in tumor marker .Different tumors secrete different proteins ( markers) . Each of them has its own name .  
We call the most frequently used . 
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)Test it has been successfully used not only for early detection of liver cancer , but also for medical and genetic counseling of women during pregnancy management . Change in the concentration of this protein "signals" of violations in the development of the fetus or that the unborn child threatens genetic disorder such as Down syndrome .
Elevated levels of tumor marker in patients with malignant neoplastic diseases : 
• primary liver cancer 
• metastasis of malignant tumors in the liver 
• ovarian cancer  
• testicular cancer 
• stomach cancer 
• colon cancer 
• diseases of the pancreas 
• breast disease 
• bronchial tumor
 
Elevated levels of tumor marker in diseases of benign nature :
 • cirrhosis 
• acute viral hepatitis
 • chronic hepatitis
 • chronic liver failure

 Needs under the supervision of patients with positive test for HbsAg ( Australia antigen - Hepatitis B ) and liver cirrhosis to detect recurrent disease and, above all , for the early detection of malignancy .

Mutsinopodobny cancer antigen ( CA 15-3 ) tumor marker :CA 15-3 is used for detecting and monitoring the treatment of breast cancer , monitoring the effectiveness of its treatment , as well as detection of disease recurrence . It should be noted that when it comes to breast cancers tend to have a view of women's pathology , as breast cancer in men is quite rare. About breast cancer, male insufficiently informed not only the male population , but many experts . For malignancy "male cancer" not inferior "women ", and sometimes surpasses it.Elevated levels of tumor marker in patients with malignant neoplastic diseases :• breast cancer• stomach cancer• liver cancer• pancreatic cancer• Ovarian Cancer• endometrial cancer• uterine cancer
Elevated levels of tumor marker in diseases of benign nature :• benign breast disease• benign gastrointestinal diseases• chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases (bronchitis , etc.)• physiologically during pregnancy .Prostataspetsifichesky antigen (PSA - PSA)His discovery has revolutionized - thanks to him changed perspective on prostate cancer . It turned out that it is easy to identify in the bud and hold gentle but effective treatment.Interpretation of the results of PSA should always be carried out taking into account other clinical data. Do not use data analysis PSA alone as a basis for the diagnosis of prostate cancer , since elevated PSA levels ( 10 ng / ml) was observed in some benign prostate tumors ( adenoma) .Elevated levels of tumor marker in patients with malignant neoplastic diseases :• prostate cancer• cancer of rectum and sigmoid• hepatocellular carcinoma• kidney cancerElevated levels of tumor marker in patients with benign disease of nature:• benign prostatic hyperplasia• prostatitis• mechanical irritation of the prostate
Human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG)HCG - almost "ideal" tumor marker for the detection of certain tumors - the sensitivity of this tumor marker in detecting carcinoma testis and placenta ( chorionepithelioma ) - 100 %.When tumors of the uterus is almost no false positives determination of hCG , so after their treatment monitoring the concentration of hCG is required , because it allows to identify possible recurrence long before they can be detected clinically . Normal value in healthy adults ranges from 0 to 15 mIU / ml. 
Elevated levels of tumor marker in patients with malignant diseases :
• testicular cancer 
• Ovarian Cancer
• horionkartsinoma 
• hydatidiform mole
• stomach cancer
• liver cancer
• finely cancer and colon 
• kidney cancer 
• Ovarian Cancer
• uterine cancer 
Increased rates of tumor marker in diseases of benign nature : 
• physiologically during pregnancy
 • in postmenopausal women with uterine or ovarian cystCA 125 
Elevated levels of tumor marker in patients with malignant neoplastic diseases : 
• Ovarian Cancer 
• uterine cancer
 • endometrial cancer
 • breast cancer
 • pancreatic cancer 
• cancer of rectum and sigmoid
 • stomach cancer

Elevated levels of tumor marker in diseases of benign nature : 
• benign ovarian disease and endometrial
 • renal failure
 • acute pancreatitis , acute hepatitis 
• cirrhosis
 • physiologically during pregnancy
 • endometriosis

CEA ( carcinoembryonic antigen)In the presence of cancer CEA indicator slowly , steadily growing. Behind this growth can hide cancer of the colon and rectum , pancreas, thyroid and mammary glands , stomach, female reproductive system. In the blood completely healthy people this protein almost none. But if a person smokes , suffers from benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract , bronchi , lungs , then in his blood , a slight amount of this antigen. But do not be alarmed - should be a secondary analysis . About oncology are not talking , if the amount of CEA remained the same or decreased.CA 19-9 
Elevated levels of tumor marker in patients with malignant diseases :
 • pancreatic cancer
 • cancer of the gallbladder and biliary tract 
 • primary liver cancer
 • stomach cancer
 • cancer of rectum and sigmoid 
 • breast cancer• ovarian cancer
 • uterine cancer 

Elevated levels of tumor marker in diseases of benign nature :• cirrhosis• acute , chronic and chronic hepatitis• cholelithiasisCombination table oncomarker :Type of disease / tumor markersCEA stomachrectum and sigmoid CEA CA 19-9 AFPLightweight CA 19-9 REA b- hCGovarian, cervical CA 125AFP uterus b- hCGbreast cancer CEA CA 15-3pancreas CA 125 CA 19-9liver cancer AFP CA 19-9hydatidiform mole CA 15-3 b- hCGProstate : chronic prostatitis , adenoma, cancer PSA PSA free .