Uterine Cancer

Uterine cancer is very common, occupying a moment after the fourth female breast cancer, and skin zheludochchyu tract. This form of cancer usually occurs between the ages of 40 to 60 years. The risk factors - diabetes, hypertension, smoking, infection with the human papilloma virus, HIV, early sexual activity, late menopause and menstrual irregularities, infertility, a large number of sexual partners, early first birth, sexually transmitted diseases, receiving oral contraceptives.

 One of the risk factors is obesity: women with a body weight exceeding normal 10-25 kg, the risk of endometrial cancer is 3 times more than normal body weight, and in women with excess body weight more than 25 kg risk 9 times higher.

 Widely known precancerous conditions, which play a significant role in causing cancer. This erosion, ulcers, scars after birth trauma, epithelial growths (warts, polyps) and leukoplakia and chronic inflammatory processes - endocervicitis and endometritis.

 Accordingly, the nature of the various divisions of the uterine epithelium differentiate cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (adenocarcinoma) of the cervical canal and the uterine cavity. Adenocarcinoma - the main morphological variant (70%). It should be noted that a relatively rare tumor, affecting the uterus, is a sarcoma. There are three degrees of differentiation of the tumor (highly differentiated, moderately differentiated and undifferentiated).

 In cancer of the uterus are 4 stages of development: Stage 1 - the location of the tumor in the body of the uterus, II stage - the defeat of the body and cervix, III stadiya- extended to metastasis or parametrial tissue in the vagina, IV stage - spread beyond the pelvis, the germination of the bladder or rectum.

 Clinic.

 Clinical symptoms consists of complaints against whites, bleeding and pain. However, all three of these symptoms occur in the period of the collapse of the tumor and the time of their appearance depends upon the beginning of ulceration. Therefore, in some cases for a long period of uterine cancer may not produce any symptoms.

 Beli there are different character: watery, mucous, blood-colored, odorless and malodorous. The admixture of blood gives belyam kind of meat slops. Delay secretions in the vagina and join the infection leads to septic cables with the smell. In cancer stage III and IV from the genital tract are putrid character. Bleeding may be in the nature of small bleeding, as well as single or multiple heavy blood loss. For cervical cancer is very typical of the so-called contact bleeding (during sexual intercourse, douching, vaginal examination or after lifting weights). If a woman has stopped menstruating, the occurrence of bleeding from the vagina in most cases is a sign of cancer.

 The pains are late symptoms suggestive of involvement in the process of cancer of the lymph nodes and tissue infiltration basin to form, compressing the nerve trunks and plexus. Common symptoms and, in particular, cachexia (weight loss) occur very late, in a very advanced stage, and usually women suffering from uterine cancer remain outwardly flourishing, healthy appearance.
 Diagnostics.

 Detection of cancer of the uterus begin with a study of patient complaints and course of the disease. All suspected by history cases, patients must be immediately examined by a gynecologist. It is totally unacceptable to assign any treatment of such patients without a detailed examination.

 The survey includes a two-handed study of vaginal, rectal bimanual research and examination with the help of mirrors.

 When vaginal examination in cases fairly pronounced tumor process can not identify certain changes in the cervix, depending on the type of tumor growth (exophytic, endophytic and mixed). As a rule, the study is accompanied by bleeding due to injury tumor exploring finger. With widespread cancer of the uterus further research is carried out through the rectum to clarify the transition of the tumor on the walls of the pelvis and sacrum-uterine ligaments.

 To identify the early stages of cervical cancer can not be limited to vaginal examination; be sure to conduct the inspection with the help of mirrors. To detect early cancers in all cases of any changes in the cervix take swabs for cytology or biopsy. If you suspect a cancer of the cervical canal and the uterine cavity is performed separate diagnostic curettage of the cervical canal and the uterine cavity and subsequent histological examination.

 All of these studies can be carried out already in the clinic with the necessary tools and aseptic conditions. To illustrate the importance of a comprehensive survey is sufficient to indicate that cervical cancer remains undiagnosed for more than half of the patients, the survey which took place only in the two-handed vaginal examination. At the same time, when viewed with the help of mirrors the number of errors in the diagnosis decreases by almost 5 times, and when using the biopsy they observed only in isolated cases.

 In recent years, widespread and of great importance acquired ultrasound imaging (US), which allows to detect changes in the uterus inaccessible to other methods of investigation and method of investigation became mandatory for suspected all benign and malignant formation in the womb.

 To determine lymph node metastasis, and that very often accompanies cancer of the cervix, resort to methods of X-ray - lymphography and ileokavagrafii. With the same purpose, to chest radiography, intravenous pyelography, ergography, cystoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. Perhaps a CT, MRI, limfangiografii, fine needle biopsy of the tumor.

 These studies are very important in cancer of the uterus to develop a plan, or a combination of radiation therapy.

 Treatment.

 Tactics of treatment depends on the patient's age, general condition and clinical stage of the cancer. Treatment is mainly surgical (hysterectomy with appendages, and sometimes removal of pelvic lymph nodes). Perhaps the combination treatment - surgery, radiation and then remote area on the vaginal stump, intracavitary gamma therapy. Wires and preoperative radiotherapy mainly in stage III. Radiation therapy as an independent method is used when the local prevalence of tumor process, with contraindications to surgery. Anticancer drugs are effective in low-grade tumors in stage III and IV disease.

 In cancer of the cervix with the same success as the treatment is carried out by combined radiotherapy and surgery (extended hysterectomy with appendages). Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. When Ia stage (microinvasive cancer) produce a hysterectomy with appendages. At stage Ib (cancer confined to the cervix) is shown the remote or intracavitary irradiation followed by extended hysterectomy with appendages, or, conversely, first make the operation, and then remote gammaterapiyu. In stage II (involvement of the upper part of the vagina, can pass on the body of the uterus and infiltration parameters without switching to the pelvic wall) the main treatment is radiotherapy, surgery is rarely used. At stage III (the transition to the lower part of the vagina, infiltration parameters with the transition to the pelvis) shows radiation treatment. Finally, in stage IV (transition to the bladder, rectum, or distant metastasis) apply only palliative radiation. In the later stages of symptomatic treatment, application of chemotherapy.

 After treatment, mandatory periodic visits to the doctor for pelvic examination and swab. Also, studies include chest X-ray, ultrasound and intravenous pyelography. During the first year of visiting the doctor every 3 months, and then for 5 years - every 6 months. After 5 years, control is carried out annually.

 When relapse, if the process is localized, conduct a partial or total pelvic exenteration (removal of a single block of the uterus, cervix, vagina, parametrium, urinary bladder and rectum). In the presence of distant metastases, patients usually receive chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may be used for the palliative treatment of painful metastases.

 Metastasis.
 The most common tumors metastasize to the pelvic lymph nodes, at least in the groin. Distant metastases are often in the kidneys, liver, lungs, have a poor prognosis.

 Forecast.

 In cancer of the uterus 5-year survival rate after surgery from 84 to 45% depending on the stage of the disease. When relapse 25% of patients initially underwent surgical treatment may be spared from relapse using pelvic radiotherapy. When metastatic relapse cures are extremely rare, and the therapeutic effect is unique and short. In stage IV disease 5-year survival rate - up to 9%.

 Prevention.Early diagnosis and prevention of cervical cancer is possible only through systematic preventive examinations of all women over 30 years (at least 2 times per year). Regular inspection is desirable to start with the onset of sexual activity. Regular checkups, ultrasound imaging and cytology (every 2 years) facilitate the identification of precancerous diseases and their treatment - cancer prevention.

 No less important is the timely and proper treatment of precancerous cervical disease. Especially characteristic features that are unique to precancerous diseases of the cervix, no, they proceed as normal inflammatory diseases. Common to predrakyuvyh disease symptoms are chronic long, persistence of symptoms, and most importantly the lack of effect of conservative (anti-inflammatory) treatment. Treatment of precancerous cervical disease should be radical and is electrosurgical, electrocautery lesions or even amputation of the cervix. Also resorted to radiation treatment method in the form of applicative radium therapy. Among patients radically treated for various precancerous lesions, the death rate from cervical cancer has decreased by 6 times.

 It also requires giving up smoking, prevention of sexually transmitted infection.

Colon cancer

arge intestine - is the final section of the digestive tract length of 1.5-2 meters. It consists of the cecum with the appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum.
Colon cancer - a malignant tumor that grows in the mucous membrane lining the walls of the colon. In most cases, the tumor is located in the sigmoid, blind or rectum.
Bowel cancer is most common in the elderly. And every year these patients is becoming more and more, especially in developed countries with high living standards.Causes
The emergence of colon cancer is facilitated by:

•     the nature of power - the dominance of the diet of meat, fat and flour dishes, inadequate maintenance of plant products;
•     violation of stool (constipation);
•     colon diseases: colitis and polyps (cancer risk begins to increase after 7 years of onset, and every subsequent 10 years increased by 10% after 25 years reaching 30%);
•     genetic predisposition;
•     old age.

What's happening?
When excess in animal fat and protein in the food material produced in the intestines, promoting the development of a tumor (a carcinogen). At locks the exposure of these compounds on colon wall is significantly increased which may lead to the degeneration of normal cells into cancer cells.
Malignant tumors may also arise with prolonged ongoing inflammatory diseases in the intestines (colitis), and transform from polyps (benign outgrowths on the intestinal mucosa).
Ready cancer cells begin to multiply rapidly. The swelling gradually increases in size and eventually fills a lumen. As a result of developing intestinal obstruction. If the tumor invades the intestinal wall, it can destroy its vessels and cause intestinal bleeding.
In the later stages of the disease the tumor spreads beyond the colon: invades the intestinal wall and embedded in the surrounding organs; together with the current lymph enters the lymph nodes, and hits them; It is stored together with the blood to distant organs (liver, lungs, bones and brain), and forms new tumor (metastases) there. In the absence of the effect of treatment comes death.What are the symptoms?
In the early stages of colon cancer usually does not manifest itself. Only when the tumor becomes large, there is a whole bunch of unpleasant symptoms:

•     abdominal pain (long, dull, aching);
•     constipation;
•     bloating and rumbling in the stomach;
•     blood in the stool;
•     poor appetite,
•     pallor;
•     weakness, and weakness;
•     temperature rise;
•     weight loss.

Diagnostics
Any tumor is easier to treat, as it is small. That is why it is important to take preventive examination by a doctor, a gastroenterologist, which includes fecal occult blood. After 40 years of prophylactic medical examination must be held every three years, and to take the fecal occult blood test every year.
In some cases, can be assigned to the following procedures:

    Irrigoscopy - x-ray of his intestines with pre-filled contrast agent using an enema;
    Sigmoidoscopy - examination of the bowel (up to 30 cm) with a special device (sigmoidoscopy) introduced into the anus;
    Colonoscopy - a study similar to sigmoidoscopy, only to examine most of the bowel (up to one meter).
    During a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, the doctor may do a biopsy - taking a small piece of the intestinal mucosa for detailed examination under a microscope. This procedure is almost painless. Biopsy is particularly necessary for patients who have intestinal polyps.
Treatment
The main treatment for colon cancer is surgery. In addition to the operations used radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
Type of operation depends on the location of the tumor and its size. If the tumor is small and "conveniently located", it is removed entirely, while maintaining the normal functioning of the intestine. At large tumor sizes, as well as some of its specific location operation finishes creation of an artificial outlet ulcer - colostomy, which is displayed on the patient's abdomen.
In some cases, surgical treatment is carried out in two stages: first part of the colon is removed and form a colostomy, a few months later restore the normal functioning of the intestine.
Prognosis depends on the size of the tumor and timely surgical treatment. The smaller the size of the tumor, the more likely a complete cure of the disease.Prevention
For the prevention of colon cancer is necessary:

•     include a diet of more fruits and vegetables;
•     fight constipation;
•     promptly treat inflammatory bowel disease (colitis);
•     important time to remove colon polyps.

Cancer of the vulva and vagina

The leading cause of these tumors is considered a viral infection transmitted through sexual contact and. Revealed strict dependence of cancer of the vagina and vulva cancer patients on the presence of genital warts in the past. In addition, the relationship proved occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina from infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). According to the cancer center of Lyon, viruses HPV-16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of cancers of the vagina and vulva 30-40% of tumors. To move infection to cancer are needed long-term hormonal contraceptives, smoking, sexual hyperactivity or chlamydial infection (Chlamydiatrashomatis).

Significantly more cancer vulva and vagina is caused by radiation therapy for cervical cancer and a long-term period, if such treatment is not carried out. The relationship is now forbidden receiving estrogen (17β-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy by mothers (70 years) with cancer of the vulva and vagina of their daughters. Yet to identify the cause of cancer and etiologic factors have failed to do in all cases. 

Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment

Primary cancer of the vagina is considered to be a rare form of cancer zlokachestvennoyzhenskoy. It is 1-3% of all gynecologic tumors. In the US this type of cancer are diagnosed each year in 2 100-2 300 patients and ascertain 600-700 deaths. Cancer affects women 17 to 85 years with a peak interval of 50-60 years.

According to the International Federationof Gynaecologyand Obstetrics (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) survival rates of more than 5 years in oncology vlagalischav 80s were: I st - 61,5%, II Cm 33,7%, III Cm 25.5% , IVst - 8.9%. According to the University of Texas, the five-year survival rate in 2005 was: I st. - 85%, II art. - 78%, III-IV Art. - 58%, which is the result of applying new methods of treatment.Histologically, the majority of vaginal cancer (81-95%) - squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma is not more than 3.5%, and even more rare melanoma. Precancers vaginal epithelium is its dysplasia.

The symptoms of vaginal cancer represented by the triad: bleeding (53%), whites and pain. In 15% of patients the tumor grows bessimptomno.Simptomy combined in 1 \ 3 patients. Dependence on the stage of the cancer symptoms are not observed. The spread of cancer to the urethra, bladder or rectum is accompanied by symptoms of urinary disorders and \ or chair. Violation of the general condition was observed in the IV century disease.

    Bleeding is not abundant, occur after sexual intercourse, or spontaneously, scarlet blood. You should alert menopausal bleeding.
    Beli similar to the allocation for thrush because their origin is largely due to the activation of the fungal flora and acceding inflammation.
    The pain may be accompanied by first sexual intercourse, gradually acquiring a permanent character.

Diagnosis of vaginal cancer (even if there are no symptoms) is available in normal gynecological examination. To clarify the diagnosis gynecologist takes suspicious areas mucosal epithelium for histological examination. To clarify the extent of the process used ultrasound cysto- and sigmoidoscopy, X-ray, and others.

Treatment of vaginal cancer carried out in accordance with step process. In stage 0 (preinvasive carcinoma mucous layer) are equally good wide excision, cryosurgery or laser removal, which give 100% five-year survival rate. When invasive (germinating) cancer therapy remains the primary method of radiation. Indications for surgical treatment of narrowed. Chemotherapy is used as an auxiliary method (fluorouracil). Favorable prognostic tumors of the upper third of the vagina.

Cancer of the vulva: Symptoms and TreatmentIn the United States each year become ill and 4000 die of 800 women with cancer of the vulva. They affect women over 55 years with a peak interval of 65-70 years. The risk of this cancer in their lifetime is 0.2%. Five-year survival of cancer patients in the United States - 67.9%. Histologically, 90% of vulvar cancers - squamous cell carcinoma.Almost 70% of cancer localized in the large and small labia. About 15% of tumors located in the crotch and 15% - in the clitoris. In stage III-IV tumor process spreads to the vagina, urethra, anus, pelvic bones.

The symptoms of vulvar cancer: pain, itching, burning, formation of tumor with ulceration and bleeding. 5% of patients the tumor grows asymptomatically. Cancer of the vulva is external to the tumor, which is not difficult to diagnose, but stage III-IV tumors detected in 30-50% of cancer patients, due to the late negotiability. Therefore, any suspicious spots, seals, changes in skin color in the area of ​​the external genitalia should be examined by a doctor.

Treatment for vulvar cancer is always surgical: wide excision of the tumor and surrounding tissue, lymph nodes. In the pre- and postoperative periods prescribed courses of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

There are several forms of cancer of the breast, each of which has its own characteristic symptoms. For symptoms must be able to conduct breast self . Methods of self can be found here .

nodular form
     Local tumor growth as a node occurs most frequently. On palpation of the breast unit is defined as a dense , rounded, lumpy painless education with indistinct contours , often with limited mobility due to infiltration ( germination ) surrounding tissues. To determine the connection of the tumor with skin taken last in a small fold over education . If this method fails as well as at some distance from the location of the tumor , we can say that the skin is not associated with it . When starting infiltration ( germination ) skin tumor compression of a small section of it leads to the formation of deeper folds , sometimes with inverted skin pores. Wrinkling of the skin over the tumor may occur in the early stages of cancer. As the size of the tumor node occurs skin retraction . Leather as a "lemon peel" - late symptom of the disease .

Fibroma of the breast

Fibroma of the breast. Under the breast fibroma understood benign tumor that develops from connective tissue. Manifested in the form of a dense , painless seals , sometimes accompanied by a feeling of fullness in the chest , especially before menstruation . Upon detection of breast fibroma is obligatory to seek qualified help from a doctor , who is obliged to eliminate breast cancer , and then decide on the tactics of the patient and the ways of further treatment.classification of diseasesIt should be noted that to date, doctors often have to deal with benign tumors of the breast, which in most cases are diagnosed women themselves . In addition, fibroids are usually subdivided into fibroadenoma of the breast and diffuse fibroadenomatosis .In the first case refers to the localized form of fibroids , whereas diffuse fibroadenomatosis neoplasm characterized by tendency to the growth of fibrous tissue on the breast , and the presence of seals observed in iron and chest pains .Fibroadenoma of the breast is a dense consistency circular formation , detectable in the form of a movable , not connected to the wheel assembly , the diameter of which can vary from a few millimeters to seven centimeters.

Cervical cancer - the cost of treatment in Russia and the U.S.

Objective comparison of modern Russian and American medicine (for example, cancer treatment )Russian woman 54 years emigrated from Russia to the United States. 3 months after arrival in the U.S., it appears the bleeding. She appealed for help to the American hospital .
"When visiting a gynecologist in the United States , once the doctor suspects I have a malignancy and biopsies . The results confirmed that I had cancer of the cervix. Gynecologist explained - cervical cancer does not appear suddenly. It caused by a virus and usually by regular inspections it can be prevented . " 

In Russia, she also regularly went to the gynecologist . Russian doctor saw that something was wrong , and sent her to an oncologist for review. But somehow, the Russian oncologist did a biopsy and he said that everything is fine . This or negligence , or professionalism as a Russian gynecologist (in the U.S. itself gynecologist diagnosed ) and oncologist who is also unclear why could not recognize quite a common disease in the initial stage .Maybe it does not have a single case of individual professionalism of doctors , only statistics show that the mortality rate in Russia from cervical cancer is 2-3 times higher than in developed countries .

Prices for cancer treatment in Germany

 Many would agree that the German medicine has been and remains the most successful both in terms of diagnosis and treatment in the field of cancer. The foundation of success is the fact that the German oncology clinics are held constantly more and more clinical research aimed at creating new therapies for cancer - and is even considering the fact that oncology is developing very actively today in many countries of the world! Given each year a growing number of cases of diagnosed cancers in humans - it is more than welcome.
German quality at all proverbial . Quality medicine - is not far behind . Oncology clinic in Germany welcome medical tourists from all over the planet. It is no secret that many of those who come to Germany for cancer treatment as a medical tourist, have already received the judgment of doctors in the country - too zapushchenno too hard , too unlikely ... But is that a reason to give up ? Of course not. With the help of the most modern computer technology , applying the latest drugs , based on the highest professionalism of doctors , medicine Germany gives people hope so - both at the stage of diagnosis and during treatment of oncology.