понедельник, 24 февраля 2014 г.

History oncology : from dinosaurs to the XXI century

Oncological diseases are among the most ancient groups of diseases. According to the latest research -preserved remains of dinosaurs, these prehistoric giants were ill with cancer.

Apparently , cancer was observed in mammals and ancient creatures , but the exact details of this in modern doctors and scientists do not .

It is well known that many people suffered from cancer of ancient Egypt - Egyptian art in the field of burial possible to maintain , in addition to the mummified bodies, certain internal organs, which allowed scientists to study our time in oncology to identify people who died about 2300 years ago - t .

 Mention of incurable diseases involving tumors in various regions of the body with expressions of hidden or are found in medical treatises of India , China and ancient Babylon.


Cancer treatment in days long past ...




The term "cancer" coined " parent medicine " Hippocrates . One of his patients , a disease which Hippocrates described in detail in one of his famous works , "Cancer ", it suffered breast cancer.

Apparently the disease was already at an advanced stage - when the famous doctor examined the patient , a lump in her breast was like a swollen Arthropods , and the blood vessels that feed tumors , swollen and became similar to the claws apart . Therefore Hippocrates called this disease «karkinos», which in Greek means " cancer ."

Issues involved in the treatment of cancer as Hippocrates and Galen and Celsus - it belongs to the last opening fixation of metastases in the lymph nodes - but in ancient times , scientists and physicians could not find the causes of cancer and to determine the mechanism . Therefore, practically the only way to fight cancer had tumor removal , which is not always proved effective.

Ancient doctors , including doctors in Russia , shared cancer tumors to " hidden , concealed " and " " with the expression ".

Attributed to the development of oncology skin irritation , mental confusion , compression and friction seals formed ...

In addition to the operations offered to treat oncology herbs advised not to eat too hot, spicy and spicy food , abandon intoxicating drinks, not to squeeze the tumor and wound dressings and avoid excessive excitement ...

Such methods are very rarely resulted in recovery of patients . However, it is difficult to blame the doctors of ancient times - they did everything possible to defeat the disease .

From the XVIII to the XX century

Methods of dealing with cancer doctors continued to look in the " new time " - so in the eighteenth century, there have been significant steps in this direction .

Here are some facts :



  • 1739 -th year. Full and clear description of cancer tumor removal by surgery gives the surgeon Vyazemskij .
  • 1773rd year. Described the surgical removal of the tumor left breast surgeon T. Emma. Description tumors at the cellular level , to determine that it was a leaf- adenoma .
  • 1775 -th year. In his scientific work British surgeon P. Pott proved that skin cancer of the scrotum , which often suffered chimney sweeps , a regular part of skin contamination with soot , coal distillates and smoke particles .
  • 1798 -th year. Clear teeming need clarification and details description of the clinical picture of gastric cancer with perforations gave Russian doctor I. Filipovich .

In the mid-nineteenth century began to develop rapidly pathological anatomy , microscope was improved - it helped to increase the efficiency of understanding the mechanism of cancer development , and the fight against it.

By the mid-nineteenth century, physicians were able to study the cellular structure of malignancies , and were able to detect cells of the parenchyma and the basis of tumors consisting of connective tissue and cells capable of dividing. During this period, conjectures about the appearance of tumor cells in a healthy human body.

Developed the theory of cellular pathology German scientist Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow . According to this theory , cancer develops as a result of any gross external stimuli , such as injuries. Scientists and medical professionals have received evidence that tumor cells can develop for this reason. And in the late nineteenth - early twentieth century, in 1889 - 1910 years , have been put forward the theory of viral origin of cancer

Struggle with cancer - a compilation of facts early and mid- twentieth century :


  • 1904 year - Russia has established the world's first laboratory for the study strains neoplasms. Her head was MD AP Brownstein .
  • 1910 year - Prof. NN Petrov gives a precise description of precancerous lesions in his " General theory of tumors ."
  • 1911 year - the oncologist finds Rouse sarcoma viral nature of some chickens.
  • 1915-1916 years - Japanese researchers Ichikawa Yamagiwa and conduct experiments that reveal the influence of body contact with carcinogenic substances on the development of malignancies. Around this time is defined as the impact on the development of cancer of radioactive substances and X-ray radiation.
  • 1933-1957 - th years bring numerous discoveries of animal viruses that lead to the development of cancer : breast cancer virus Bitner mice , rabbits Shoup papilloma virus , murine leukemia virus Gross ; virus " polyoma " Stewart , and so on.
In the twentieth century, doctors and researchers from different countries constantly works on the experimental induction of cancer by studying the morphology of tumors and cancer etiology , conducted research and study of chemical carcinogens ...

With the development of science and medicine began to be used more and more effective methods of diagnosis and treatment of cancer , discover new ways to prevent cancer ... The traditional , surgical method of treatment , " joined " radiotherapy and chemotherapy ...

 Cancer Treatment - today and tomorrow
To date, the "arsenal " of the world of medicine , there are many means of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer .

The simplest methods of preventing the development of cancer are:


  • active lifestyle,
  • proper nutrition,
  • good physical shape
  • avoiding harmful habits ,
  • dwelling in a clean environment .
  • Also effective cancer prevention - regular medical examination. Oncology is well treated in the early stages of development.

Among the techniques of diagnosis of cancer :
  • MRI - magnetic resonance imaging .
  • CT - computed tomography .
  • CT PET - positron emission tomography .
  • biopsy
  • mammography,
  • U.S.
  • blood tests for tumor markers - substances which blood varies , depending on the development of cancer .
Cancer treatment today is carried out using chemotherapy, radiation therapy , brachytherapy (aka contact radiotherapy) , immunotherapy , use of bone marrow stem cells , and operational practices often - endoscopically , and in Europe and Israel - with the use of robotics.

Doctors and scientists now know a lot about cancer, but does not intend to stop there . Ongoing studies of various types of cancer has given to the world :

Diagnosis, helps to clarify the risk of recurrence of certain types of cancer .
  • Tests that detect oncology at the initial stages of development
  • Unlocking the potential of natural remedies to treat and especially - cancer prevention .
  • The information about the genes responsible for the development of certain cancers.
  • Molecular diagnosis of cancer
  • Non-surgical and minimally invasive methods of treatment of oncology.

And other discoveries that in the near future will find practical application that will allow physicians often defeat the cancer types. Probably once cancer cease to be the main cause of premature death in people - it is hoped all oncologists in the world.

 

 

Prostate Cancer: Chemotherapy  

Melanoma  

Stomach Cancer  

 

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